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Tycho, one of the best -studying remains of Supernova, perhaps briefly served as the most powerful formation of the universe, new research. | Credit: MPIA/NASA/Calar Alto Observatory
Supernova can become one of the most powerful particles in the universe, but only if they pass a lot of gas before exploding, new research is determined.
For almost a century, astronomers have discovered high -energy particles flowing from a distant universe. Known as Cosmic raysThey are mainly made from protons and sometimes heavier elements of nuclei. Most cosmic rays are directed by the Earth’s magnetic field or are absorbed in the upper atmosphere, but some make it all the way to the surface. Approximately once a second, the space beam is able to strike your body.
Cosmic rays include a wide range of energy, while the most powerful PETA-Electron Volt (PEV). This is one quadrilateral electron volt or up to a thousand times more powerful than A big Hadron ColliderThe world’s most powerful atom Smasher.
Astronomers have long suspected that explosive deaths of mass stars can be responsible for these extremely powerful cosmic rays. After all, these supernova have all the necessary ingredients: there is a detonation with more than enough energy, elementary particles floods and magnetic fields that can be encouraged by these particles before releasing them into space.
However, nearby supernova residues such as Tycho and Cassiopeia a Did not meet expectations; The cosmic rays from those places are much weaker than expected.
On paper Accepted to be published Researchers in Astronomy and Astrophysics saved the Supernova hypothesis and found that, in special cases, supernova remains are actually able to become pevatronos – that is, explosions that can generate pee cosmic rays.
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The team found that before going to the supernov, the star had to lose a considerable amount of mass – at least two SunS values. This is quite common because powerful winds can break the outer layers of the star atmospheric before the main explosion. But, of course, that material cannot be distributed too widely. It must remain dense, compact and close to the star.
Then, when the supernova finally happens, the exploding star danced in the wave of the material. And then all the hell relaxes.
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When the shock comes through the surrounding shell, the magnetic fields increase to incredibly powerful energy. These magnetic fields take any random subatomic particles – sheath debris – and speed up them, bounced back and forth through the impact wave. With each bounce, the particle gets more energy. Finally, it gets enough energy to leave the chaos at all and enter the universe.
However, within months, the system loses steam as the wave of shock slows down. It still causes abundant cosmic rays, but not above the pee threshold.
This scenario explains why we did not directly notice any active pevateons. Although the supernova goes out on the bird road every few years, no one has been close enough these days to observe a short window when they can speed up cosmic rays into these extreme energies. So we will just have to be patient.